Ghodsieh Bagherzade; Maryam Manzaritavakoli
Abstract
Saffron is a spice derived from the flowers of Crocus Sativus L. Which for years has been known in the world as an expensive spice. But huge amount of the petals are discarded as useless waste. The color of saffron petals due to the compounds that called anthocyanins and flavonoids. Anthocyanins, are ...
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Saffron is a spice derived from the flowers of Crocus Sativus L. Which for years has been known in the world as an expensive spice. But huge amount of the petals are discarded as useless waste. The color of saffron petals due to the compounds that called anthocyanins and flavonoids. Anthocyanins, are a class of natural compounds and secondary metabolites in family of flavonoids. Indicators are the Colored organic compounds with complex structure which change in pH change their color. In this study, saffron's wastages of 32 different region were collected from fields of saffron of Razavi Khorasan, Southern Khorasan and Kerman in November and then were transferred to the freezer with a temperature of -15 ° C.The amount of anthocyanins was determined in saffron's wastages then rainfall and temperature in different regions from April and November 2014 were asked from Bureau of Meteorology. The SPSS 18 was used for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis shown that there is a strong correlation between anthocyanins and amount of rain. Due to the abundant presence of anthocyanins in saffron waste, successful pursuit Done to use this natural pigments as an indicator. Results showed the colour of anthocyanin pigments changes drastically with change in pH value, so it can be used as a natural and effective indicator to detect acid and base.
Abstract
Saffron is one of the most important crop in agriculture and export in Iran and identification of its reduced agents are important. Tomato spotted wilt virus is one of the destructive viruses. Weeds are reservoir plants of viruses. In order to detection and identification of TSWV on reservoir plants, ...
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Saffron is one of the most important crop in agriculture and export in Iran and identification of its reduced agents are important. Tomato spotted wilt virus is one of the destructive viruses. Weeds are reservoir plants of viruses. In order to detection and identification of TSWV on reservoir plants, 37 weed samples were collected from South Khorasan, including Birjand, Sarayan, Ferdows and Ghaen during May and April 2017 and tested by DAS-ELISA. The positive samples in ELISA were tested by RT-PCR and specific primers of Nucleoprotein (N) gene, were amplified a fragments with 777 bp length and sequenced by Macrogene company. Results showed Cadaria draba and Hordeum murinum are infected by TSWV. In Phylogenetic analysis with two isolates and 20 isolates of gene bank two groups were formed. Two isolates of this study, felt in Group II and subgroup A. The closest GenBank isolate was from Montenegro (GU339506) with 97/3 % on Chenopodium Quinoa and the furthest isolate was from Italy (GU36971) on Nicotiana tabacum. This research is the first survey of weeds as a wild host of TSWV in Saffron fields of South Khorasan.
Ali Izanloo; Atefeh Derakhshan; Zohreh Alizadeh; Mohammad Ali Behdani
Abstract
Abstract Crocus sativus is a triploid plant from Iridaceae family, which is propagated only via mother corms. The use of In vitro culture techniques can accelerate the propagation of this plant in order to comply with the increasing demands of farmers to this important medicinal plant. The purpose of ...
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Abstract Crocus sativus is a triploid plant from Iridaceae family, which is propagated only via mother corms. The use of In vitro culture techniques can accelerate the propagation of this plant in order to comply with the increasing demands of farmers to this important medicinal plant. The purpose of this research was to find out a proper protocol to cormlet production on the mother corms collected in August and early September which cold pre-treated. To this end, samples of two different bulk of corms were collected from Qaen, Souht Khorassan. Samples were kept at 31 °C for 13 to 15 weeks. After sterilization, samples were then transferred into half strength MS culture medium with 6% sucrose, 2 mg/l IBA and 2, 4 and 6 mg/l BAP, the control treatment was lacking growth regulators. The results showed that there were no significant differences between different concentrations of plant growth regulators in cormlet production. However, the samples collected in August were significantly different in number of cormlet per mother corm and cormlet diameter. According to the results, the use of sufficient cold pre-treatment on corms harvested in August and culture in 1/2 MS medium without any growth regulators is recommended for the production of micro-corms through in vitro culture, which is also economically important.
Mohammadreza Ramezani; arash Dourandish; Mohadeseh Davari Torshizi
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of saffron farms in Gonabad county and provide solutions for improving the using method of production factors. In order to achieve the research objectives, a sample of 110 saffron farms was studied in 2017.Considering variable return to scale, ...
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The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of saffron farms in Gonabad county and provide solutions for improving the using method of production factors. In order to achieve the research objectives, a sample of 110 saffron farms was studied in 2017.Considering variable return to scale, the average of technical, allocative and economic efficiency were 0.922, 0.593 and 0.556 respectively, indicating that the saffron farms, despite having high technical efficiency, do not have a decent allocative efficiency and they have not succeeded in achieving the cost minimizing input quantities. Subsequently, by assessing the cost minimizing input quantities, it was found that if saffron growers managed resources properly, they would be able to achieve the current amount of yields despite a considerable reduction in the amounts of four inputs of bulks, manure, chemical fertilizer and water, and only a slight increase in the input of labor. In this way, the operating cost per kilogram of saffron flower would reduce by about 44% on average. Considering there is evidence that the saffron growers of the study area have a tendency to use high-input cultivation systems, it is suggested that appropriate policies be developed to improve the knowledge of farmers and change their attitudes towards cultivation of saffron, so that they will be aware of the adverse effects of these systems.
Shirin Ansarian Mahabadi; Iraj Alahdadi; Majid Ghorbani Javid; Elias Soltani
Abstract
In order to evaluate the different doses of salicylic acid, its application methods and corm weight on saffron, an experiment was conducted as split factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 at the Research Field of College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran. The ...
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In order to evaluate the different doses of salicylic acid, its application methods and corm weight on saffron, an experiment was conducted as split factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 at the Research Field of College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran. The treatments consisted of the first factor of the hormone method (corm priming, foliar application) as the main plot, the second factor of salicylic acid in three levels (no application and application at concentrations of 1 and 2 mM), the third factor was two different corm weight included small corm (3-5 g) and big corm (8-10 g), were studied as subplots. The results showed that the amount of photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), soluble protein, leaf soluble protein, leaf total carbohydrate, fresh weight of daughter corm increased with the application of salicylic acid hormone. Big corm also had a significant different on these traits and also increased with hormone applied in comparison with control condition. The highest leaf carbohydrate (4.9 mg/g fw), leaf length (252 mm), leaf area (318 mm), corm soluble protein (1.8 mg/g fw), leaf soluble protein (1.6 mg/gfw) and number of daughter corm (13.5), in priming method and the highest amount of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids (12, 9.5, 1.19 mg/g fw, respectively)), corm carbohydrate (5.2 mg/g fw), and fresh weight of the daughter corms (20.4 g), in the hormone method was obtained by foliar application. Finally, the results of this research indicated positive effects of application of salicylic acid (1 and 2 mM) both methods and big corm on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of saffron.
amir salari; Hassan Feizi; faezeh gharari; Fateme BanO
Abstract
Some plants with their chemical compounds affect the growth of adjacent plants. This research was carried out in order to investigate the effect of allelopathic effects of different organs of saffron on indices of seedling growth of cumin and tomato seed in factorial experiment in a completely randomized ...
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Some plants with their chemical compounds affect the growth of adjacent plants. This research was carried out in order to investigate the effect of allelopathic effects of different organs of saffron on indices of seedling growth of cumin and tomato seed in factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The research was conducted at university of Torbat Heydrieh at 2017. The results showed that the effect of different extract organs, concentration and interaction of them on length of root, stem and cumin seedling was not significant but on germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, weight and length of root, stem and seedling and seed vigor II were significant at 1%. The results also showed that application of corm exteract had the highest impact on most of indigenous growth indices. The highest germination rate was seen in control and leaf- corm composition extract treatments (4.72 and 4.75 respectively) and the highest root dry weight was in leaf- corm composition extract and in 0.25 concenteration treatment. The results on tomato showed that the effect of different extracts of leaf, corm and leaf-corm composition on germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time and weight and length of root were significant. Increasing of saffron exteract concenteration decreased germination percentage, germination rate, shoot, root and seedling length and weight and vigor indexes on cumin and tomato. In the case of all growth indices, the leaf extract was more effective. The results also showed that the increase in concentration caused a reduction in the percentage and rate of germination, shoot length, seedling and root and seed index index in cumin and tomato. The final result of this research showed that cultivation of saffron in the crop rotation induced effect of allelopathy on cumin and tomato. Therfore, tomato can be rotated with saffron rather than cumin.
Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam; Fatemeh Moallem Banhangi; Javad Shabahang
Abstract
In this work, effects of cow manure and corm weight on flower yield, stigma yield, style weight and qualitative criteria of saffron using central composite design was done. This experiment was conducted with 13 treatments and two replications at the Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during ...
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In this work, effects of cow manure and corm weight on flower yield, stigma yield, style weight and qualitative criteria of saffron using central composite design was done. This experiment was conducted with 13 treatments and two replications at the Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the growing season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. The treatments were allocated based on low and high levels of cow manure (0 and 40 t.ha-1, respectively) and corm weight (7 and 20 t.ha-1, respectively). Flower number, fresh weight of flower, dry weight of stigma, dry weight of style, stigma yield and crocin (coloring agent), picrocrocin (a specific bitter taste) and safranal (the main cause of odor) contents were calculated as dependent variables and changes of these variables were evaluated by a regression model. The quality of the fitted model was judged using the determination coefficient (R2). The results showed that the effect of linear component was significant (p≤0.01) on all studied characteristics. Effect of square component was significant (p≤0.01) on all studied criteria except for crocin content. Interaction effect of full quadratic was not significant on none of these traits. The range of R2 was calculated from 79.28 to 94.30. The highest simulated and observed values of flower number (93 and 81.36 flowers.m-2, respectively) and stigma yield (0.523 and 0.46 g.m-2, respectively) observed in 40 t cow manure per ha and 13.5 t corms per ha.
iman javan; faezeh gharari
Abstract
Among environmental stresses, drought stress is one of the main constraints for agriculture around the world. To reduce the effects of environmental stresses, it is important to find genotypes that have genes and desirable traits in this field. To this end, one of the most important research objectives ...
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Among environmental stresses, drought stress is one of the main constraints for agriculture around the world. To reduce the effects of environmental stresses, it is important to find genotypes that have genes and desirable traits in this field. To this end, one of the most important research objectives is to understand the molecular mechanisms associated with drought resistance in plants. With recent advances in molecular genetics, hundreds of genes that are induced by stress have been identified and used as gene candidates for genetic engineering. Saffron is a plant that grows in arid and semi-arid regions, and unlike many plants, it is a heroine with a different heat regime. The presence of numerous genes to deal with drought stress limitations in this plant can be investigated. By recognizing the genes involved in creating drought stress resistance and selecting suitable native varieties, saffron can produce relatively similar crops in most areas with different climatic conditions. In this study, the presence of AREB, DREB and MPK genes in saffron was proved for the first time. The pattern of expression of these key genes was investigated using Real Time-PCR technique in different organs of saffron plant.
Mohammad Hassan Sayyari Zahan; Majid JamiAlahmadi; Yasin HelalBaiky
Abstract
Nutrients availability near to plant root system and the improvement of soil physical conditions with the correct use of sufficient amount of animal manure can improve saffron yield. The effects of animal manure on availability of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) elements in soil of saffronfields ...
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Nutrients availability near to plant root system and the improvement of soil physical conditions with the correct use of sufficient amount of animal manure can improve saffron yield. The effects of animal manure on availability of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) elements in soil of saffronfields were evaluated. This study was carried out in nursery unit of Agriculture Faculty, University of Birjandbased on a randomized complete block design with four replications in pots with 25 kg soil during 2014. Treatments were manure levels including 0(as control), 40 and 80 t.ha-1, 40 tons manure per ha + 100% chemical fertilizer and 80 tons manure per ha + 100% chemical fertilizer (based on soil analysis), only chemical fertilizer without manure and application of the same above treatments in unplanted soil with similar conditions. Soil samples were taken after flowering in the second year and nutrients determind in laboratory. The results showed that the simple effects of manure and chemical fertilizers were significant on available phosphorus and potassium in planted soil of saffron and the highest amount of available phosphorus and potassium (with 9.62 and 763.7 mg.kg-1 soil, respectively)) were obtained from 80 tons manure per ha. Also, there wasa significant effect between the interaction of chemical and animal fertilizers on Fe concentration in the planted soil. Therefore, increasing in P and K concentrations and decreasing in Fe concentration in planted soil indicated the root activity of saffron, which could play an effective role in the availability of nutrients.
Ali Shahidi; Abbad Khashei Siuki
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a valuable crop and medicinal plant, including with respect to withstand drought significant role in Iran's non-oil exports. Climate is one of the most important in environmental variables. In addition, accurate knowledge of the agricultural products characteristics in ...
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Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a valuable crop and medicinal plant, including with respect to withstand drought significant role in Iran's non-oil exports. Climate is one of the most important in environmental variables. In addition, accurate knowledge of the agricultural products characteristics in every area is the basis of agricultural development. Identification of potential areas for cultivation sets the stage for essential planning for expansion of this crop is essential operation. In this study tried to zone potential areas for saffron crop in Semnan city by assessing climatic conditions so, four weather stations were selected in a statistical 10- year period (during 2004-2014). Modeling and data analysis were performed by using Arc GIS software. According to climatic conditions, suitable for each stage of saffron growth cycle, information layers were classified and weighted. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) were used for integrating information layers. Finally, climatic zoning map of cultivation saffron in Semnan city was drawn. At this study, AHP and ANP techniques were compared. AHP results showed about 59.5, 34.5 and 6 percent of the city were best, average and weak for saffron cultivation, respectively. But in ANP method 32, 48 and 20 percent of the city were best, average and weak for the crop cultivation, respectively.